Pharmacoinformatics

 Pharmacoinformatics combines bio- and chemoinformatics approaches as well as artificial intelligence to support drug design and development at various stages, starting from preclinical research support to clinical trial design and execution support (stages I, II and III), as well as pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics and personalized medicine. The rational use of these methods, combined with the relevant experimental approaches, is crucial to face the new challenges in drug design and development.

In recent years, a growing number of pharmacoinformatics approaches have been developed and implemented to enhance the design and development of therapeutic alternatives for multiple pathologies. In fact, the training of professionals working in this field is getting increasingly complemented by this type of approaches.

As such, we consider it crucial to show the most relevant advances in the design, development, improvement, and implementation of approaches that face the main challenges when designing new drugs. They aim at improving pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles, increasing selectivity and bioavailability, finding novel chemical groups with activity against key targets in complex pathologies, finding molecular descriptions of mechanisms of action, pharmaceutical monitoring and surveillance,clinical trials, personalized medicine, etc.

The scope of this research topic involves subtopics where pharmacoinformatics tools are used to enhance drug design processes such as:

- Accelerate drug discovery and development.
- Identify novel molecular targets.
- Increase the efficacy of clinical trials.
- Computer-driven polypharmacology.
- Personalize and create targeted drugs.
- Reduce cost and increase drug adherence.
- Gain improved insight into marketing and sales performance.
- Improve safety and risk management.

The main idea behind the field is to integrate different informatics branches (e.g. bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, immunoinformatics, etc.) into a single platform, resulting in a seamless process of drug discovery. The first reference of the term "Pharmacoinformatics" can be found in the year of 1993.^[1]

The first dedicated department for Pharmacoinformatics was established at the National Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India in 2003.^[2] This has been followed by different universities worldwide including a program by European universities named the European Pharmacoinformatics Initiative (Europin^[3]).

Pharmacoinformatics is also referred to as pharmacy informatics. According to the article "Pharmacy Informatics: What You Need to Know Now" by the University of Illinois at Chicago Pharmacoinformatics may be defined as: “the scientific field that focuses on medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of healthcare systems.^[4]” It is the application of computers to the storage, retrieval and analysis of drug and prescription information. Pharmacy informaticists work with pharmacy information management systems that help the pharmacist safe decisions about patient drug therapies with respect to, medical insurance records, drug interactions, as well as prescription and patient information.

Pharmacy informatics can be thought of as a sub-domain of the larger professional discipline of health informatics. Health informatics is the study of interactions between people, their work processes and engineered systems within health care with a focus on pharmaceutical care and improved patient safety. For example, the Health Information Management Systems Society (HIMSS) defines pharmacy informatics as, "the scientific field that focuses on medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of healthcare systems - including its acquisition, storage, analysis, use and dissemination - in the delivery of optimal medication-related patient care and health outcomes.

PCI to introduce medical device mfg in revised curriculum

PCI to introduce Medical Device Mfg in revised curriculum - News Ref. AIOCD.

Why this stupidity?

Is medical devices any formula product?

It is an Engineering subject with medical application.

Knowledge of metals, Rubbers, plasticizers, plastics , PE, PVC, Acrylics, other synthetic materials, absorbability and non-absorbability, their ductile and malleability properties, thermal and irradiation sustainability, besides other related properties like ease of sterilization and application, disposability, special devices for handling radioactive materials etc are a must.

Why burden the pharmacy students for no extra gain?

I remember my B Pharm year 1965 to 69 where we were struggling to work on drawing board to draw basic machine drawings, studying Chemical engineering calculations and formula, orifice meters, Venturi meters, BSc level Arithmetics, Calculus Trigonometry , Algebra etc for no extra gain.

Now, with an eye on to capture control on Mfg and Trading in Medical devices PCI should not run after the mad race in others domain.

Drug and Cosmetic act and Pharmacy Practice Regulations Act

Drug and Cosmetic act 1940 and Pharmacy act 1948 and Pharmacy Practice Regulations Act 2015 all are different and are mismatch. 

KNOW (Y)OUR PHARMACY ACT & ITS WEAKNESS:

1.. The Act was enacted in 1948 to which the States can frame Rules. Rules should be in compliance with and without prejudice to the Act 

Weakness: Not updated to current scenario and needs. States and state councils are working with total disregard to the Act as if it is their own registered association.

2. The Act provides for constitution of Central council and state councils. Since ER is in force there is no provision to form Tribunal for RRegistation.

3. Act provides for elected and nominated and ex-officio Govt official members in the council.

Weakness :

a. Both central and state councils are dominated by traders and academicians.

No reservation to have representation from Industry, Clinical trial, hospital and clinical pharmacists and women.

3. All members except those from Medical council, UGC etc should be Registered pharmacists as per the Act.

Weakness:

Since neither the Govt nor the PCI is supervising the council:

a Many councils including Central council are running with members who are not Reg Ph as per the Act. .

b.There are councils headed, presided over  and administered by non pharmacists.

- How can the resolutions be considrd valid under the Act.

4. There are clear guidelines to convene and conduct meetings.

Central council passes hundreds of resolutions in just 4 to 6 hours- Amazing that Limka and Guinies book of records has not noticed.

Weakness: 

All meetings and deliberations are under mutual understanding, obligation and for self-esteem aggrandizement. 

Real professional interest and professionalism are nowhere seen or felt. There is no one to verify and pull up the violation.

5. The term of office of members is only 5 years.

Weakness:

Elections are delayed due to vested interest on one side and due to deviation in awarding registration.

Most of the times, the voters (reg Ph) do not get information on election schedules.

Voter should send the marked ballot paper by Reg.post a/d only.

Weakness:

a. It was good in 1948. Now it is outdated and has made easy way for the interested contestant to collect personally and mail by reg post on behalf of the Ph. Returning officer sinceerly accepts all ballot papers rceived by rreg post and declardeclares rsult.

Obvious name/s get elected.

Remedy:

Besides the Amendments needed the following measures would help:

All councils should publish on their website all documents:

a. Names of members, Reg.No with State, Validity and Govt nomination Notifications.

2. Meeting calendar for the year.

3. Proceedings of the meetings. Since all decisions except the administrative issues are related to profession publishing the same cannot be refused.

All resolutions should quote the section, clause and Rule No. under which the the decision was taken like, In exercise of the powers conferred under section...., Clause ....., Rule No. ....

4. List of Reg Ph. and List of names removed due to non renewal and names restored.

5.  D&C Act and Pharmacy Act mismatch with each other.:

a. Pharmacy Act and PPR 2015 doesn't mention SALE of drugs. D&c act do not recognize pharmacy practice.

b  Regulatory does not work in support of the council and do not share their inspection report extract with the council

6. The drugs controller should publish the name and address  of the licensee, Name of the approved pharmacist and his registration no. on their website

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PHARMACY IS CELIBRITY

India is increasingly becoming an attractive destination for clinical research for pharma groups looking for faster and more efficient ways to test drugs for western countries

India is increasingly becoming an attractive destination for clinical research for pharma groups looking for faster and more efficient ways to test drugs for western countries, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development said on Thursday.

It has been estimated that firms can reduce costs by 20-30 per cent by moving their R&D activities to India, UNCTAD's World Investment Report 2005, said.

However, the new patent regime in the country has eroded the power of domestic pharma companies to absorb knowledge spillover through reverse engineering, Nagesh Kumar director-general of Research and Information System for Developing Countries said while releasing the report.

So while the patent regime has reduced the power of domestic companies for absorption of knowledge dissemination on the other hand it has made India an attractive country for clinical trials, said Kumar.

The UNCTAD report said savings for firms going for clinical trials in India come from hiring researchers, nurses and IT staff at less than a third of wages in the West, in addition to differences in the costs associated with the patients.

However, there are some factors holding back the development of clinical research in India such as relatively slow approval process, the report said.

"Another one is India's reverence for animals, which makes it difficult to use certain animals (like monkeys)," the report added.

India, which is well-endowed with skilled R&D personnel, also has a substantial number of people with diseases that exist in developed countries, making it a favoured destination for clinical trials, according to the report.

India has up to 30 million people with heart disease, 25 million people with type-II diabetes and 10 million with psychiatric disorders, the report said.

The country also has a large pool of "treatment naive" patients who have not yet been exposed to other drugs in the market, UNCTAD said.

"In addition, Indian recruits are more likely to comply fully with the trial process, unlike in developed countries where a significant proportion of subjects drop out in order to seek second opinions," the report said.

It is estimated that the number of clinical research organisations based in India increased fourfold between 2001 and 2003, UNCTAD said adding Indian firms, too, are participating in this new industrial activity.

One factor apparently underpinning the shift has been India's newly adopted guidelines on good clinical practices, including the issue of consent by the patients in line with global norms, the report said.

However, other commentators have questioned what consent can mean in a drug trial when patients are illiterate and might not adequately understand the experiment's true risks.

"By definition, the drugs being tested have unknown beneficial effects on the patient's illness or disease, and negative side effects are also unknown," the report pointed out.

whims of my mind:Therapy way upon use of colour, size, shape , structure(engravements) and smell of medicines ,pharmacy & pharmaceutical products/medicines/pills/tablets/capsules etc in psychiatric patients

Do psychiatrists , psychotherapists, psychologists etc. use colour, size, shape , structure and smell of medicines as indicators for behaviour for patients in Home Politics or Therapy in Social Politics or Therapy etc in the world of Psychology?

Please reply to this question at following space...

Pharmceutical Errors

Pharmceutical Errors are different from Medic ok p6 y yal Errors.

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Manufacturing Errors
Compounding Errors 

Dispensing Error

Storage Errors

Clerical errors
Inventory errors
computer entry

Data entry in sheet errors
Pharmceutical Calculation Errors

Pharmaceutical Formulation Errors (Research & Development Errors)

Pharmaceutical Analysis Errors

Method of administration Errors

Drug Dose Titration Errors

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Errors (Pharmacovigilance Errors)

Drug Drug Interaction Reporting Errors

Ward Round Errors