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Saturday, 27 July 2024
PharmacyPractice-IndianContext
Monday, 18 March 2024
M.Pharmacy course and syllabus
In India, universities had started M. Pharmacy on 25 to 30 subjects.
Now, PCI has made it only on 12 subjects.
Also for every subject, intake has been set as 15 students. So that importance of Pharmacy remains intact.
Some of the M. Pharm subjects are :
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Regulatory Affairs
Pharmaceutical QA
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacology
Pharmacy Practice
Source: http://entrance-exam.net/mpharm-specialization-areas-and-career-potential/#ixzz4m9hQJTgL
Those who want to pursue M.Pharm course can take specialization in streams like Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy, Quality Assurance, Industrial Pharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry. The advantage of doing specialization is that aspirants can pursue Ph.D in Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management after M.Pharm course. There are also job opportunities available in public and private sector firms like Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited (BCPL), National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd (IDPL) for M.Pharm graduates.
Source: http://entrance-exam.net/mpharm-specialization-areas-and-career-potential/#ixzz4m9mGuns9
Other Subjects :
- M.Pharm in Biopharmaceutics
- M.Pharm in Drug Regulatory Affairs
- M.Pharm in Biotechnology
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- M.Pharm in Medicinal Natural Products
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Technology
- M.Pharm in Bulk Drugs
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance
- M.Pharm in Industrial Pharmacy
- M.Pharm in Clinical Pharmacy
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Administration
- M.Pharm in Medicinal Chemistry
- M.Pharm in Drug Discovery and Development
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Analysis
- M.Pharm in Pharmacology
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Marketing Management
- M.Pharm in Phytopharmaceuticals and Natural products
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- M.Pharm in Quality Assurance
- M.Pharm in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- M.Pharm in Pharmacy Practice
- M.Pharm in Pharmaceutics
Source: http://entrance-exam.net/mpharm-specialization-areas-and-career-potential/#ixzz4m9hlaabX
Thursday, 17 August 2023
Authorised Generics, Branded Generics, Unbranded (Ordinary) Generics
Abstract
Introduction
Authorized generics
Hatch-Waxman Act
Pay for delay deals
Pros and cons of authorized generics
Pros
Cons
Branded generics
Pros and cons of branded generics
Pros
Cons
Conclusion
Declaration of conflicting interests
Funding
ORCID iD
References
Sunday, 23 July 2023
The Pharmacy Management System OR The Pharmacy Information System
The pharmacy management system, also known as the pharmacy information system, is a system that stores data and enables functionality that organizes and maintains the medication use process within pharmacies.
These systems may be an independent technology for the pharmacy's use only, or in a hospital setting, pharmacies may be integrated within an inpatient hospital computer physician order entry (CPOE) system.
Necessary actions for a basic, functioning pharmacy management system include a user interface, data entry and retention, and security limits to protect patient health information. Pharmacy computer software is usually purchased ready-made or provided by a drug wholesaler as part of their service. Various pharmacy software operating systems are common place throughout the many practice settings.
Purpose
The pharmacy management system serves many purposes, including the safe and effective dispensing of pharmaceutical drugs. During the dispensing process, the system will prompt the pharmacist to verify the medication they have is for the correct patient and has the correct quantity, dosage, and information on the prescription label. Advanced pharmacy management systems offer clinical decision support and may be configured to alert the pharmacist to perform clinical interventions, such as an opportunity to offer verbal counseling if the patient's prescription requires additional education in the pharmacy.
Pharmacy management systems should also serve the pharmacist throughout the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process, a cycle developed by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP). The process details the steps pharmacists take to practice tangible, proven care to their patients.
Pharmacist patient care process
The JCPP's pharmacist patient care process consists of five steps: collect, assess, plan, implement, and follow-up. Ideally, the pharmacy management system assists with each of these practices. The pharmacy system should Collect data at intake and continue to store and organize information as the pharmacist learns more about the patient's medications, their history, goals, and other factors that may affect their health. The technology within the pharmacy information system should allow the pharmacists to Assess the collected information to form a Plan and Implement creative strategies that address the patient's issues. After implementing a plan, the pharmacist should routinely Follow-Up with the patient and make adjustments as needed to further progress.
Vendors
Outpatient software vendors
Outpatient pharmacies typically are retail pharmacies that offer patient care services outside of hospitals and treatment facilities. Outpatient pharmacies, also known as community pharmacies or independent pharmacies, offer care in the form of medication therapy management (MTM), patient education, and clinical services.
Rx30
Developed in Florida in 1980, Rx30 is a multi-platform software that offers automated pharmacy processes, vendor integrations, and compounding functionality. The Core Services include Accounts Receivable, Point of Sale, and Virtual Pharmacist, a feature that automates the refill process. On October 6, 2016, Rx30 announced its merger with Computer-Rx.
Inpatient software vendors
Inpatient pharmacies operate within hospitals and dispense medications to admitted patients receiving treatment. Inpatient pharmacists manage patient health alongside doctors and nurses, and the pharmacy management system must integrate with the various systems operating throughout the hospital to maintain accurate Electronic Medical or Health Records (EMR, EHR).
Epic Willow
Epic, named for the long-form poems chronicling hero's lives, began in 1979 by founder Judith R. Faulkner. Epic software currently manages over 200 million patient electronic records. The Willow Inpatient Pharmacy System, when combined with other Epic systems, allows pharmacies access to medical administration records (MAR) and links all aspects of the ordering and dispensing process to simplify collaboration amongst all parties involved in patient care management.
Cerner PharmNet: Medication Manager
Cerner Corporation has provided health information technology (HIT) to hospitals and healthcare systems since 1979. Cerner PharmNet enables pharmacists to automate their workflow processes and center care around the patient, not the encounter. This software allows pharmacists and doctors to manage prescriptions and verification from the same order in order to streamline medication management.
Datascan: Winpharm
Datascan was started back in 1981 by Alex Minassian focused on providing pharmacy management software to independently owned community pharmacies. Initially, Datascan modified the code it had purchased and began selling its DOS based version of the software. In the early 2000's Winpharm was written and released as an updated Windows version of the software, which continued the ability to quickly fill prescriptions using only the keyboard as part of the fill screen. Back in 2009, Kevin Minassian stepped in to purchase Datascan. Today, over 40 years later, Datascan continues to serve the needs of independent pharmacies nationwide with a focus on technology and support.
Pharmacoinformatics
Pharmacoinformatics combines bio- and chemoinformatics approaches as well as artificial intelligence to support drug design and development at various stages, starting from preclinical research support to clinical trial design and execution support (stages I, II and III), as well as pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics and personalized medicine. The rational use of these methods, combined with the relevant experimental approaches, is crucial to face the new challenges in drug design and development.
In recent years, a growing number of pharmacoinformatics approaches have been developed and implemented to enhance the design and development of therapeutic alternatives for multiple pathologies. In fact, the training of professionals working in this field is getting increasingly complemented by this type of approaches.
As such, we consider it crucial to show the most relevant advances in the design, development, improvement, and implementation of approaches that face the main challenges when designing new drugs. They aim at improving pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles, increasing selectivity and bioavailability, finding novel chemical groups with activity against key targets in complex pathologies, finding molecular descriptions of mechanisms of action, pharmaceutical monitoring and surveillance,clinical trials, personalized medicine, etc.
The scope of this research topic involves subtopics where pharmacoinformatics tools are used to enhance drug design processes such as:
- Accelerate drug discovery and development.
- Identify novel molecular targets.
- Increase the efficacy of clinical trials.
- Computer-driven polypharmacology.
- Personalize and create targeted drugs.
- Reduce cost and increase drug adherence.
- Gain improved insight into marketing and sales performance.
- Improve safety and risk management.
The main idea behind the field is to integrate different informatics branches (e.g. bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, immunoinformatics, etc.) into a single platform, resulting in a seamless process of drug discovery. The first reference of the term "Pharmacoinformatics" can be found in the year of 1993.[1]
The first dedicated department for Pharmacoinformatics was established at the National Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India in 2003.[2] This has been followed by different universities worldwide including a program by European universities named the European Pharmacoinformatics Initiative (Europin[3]).
Pharmacoinformatics is also referred to as pharmacy informatics. According to the article "Pharmacy Informatics: What You Need to Know Now" by the University of Illinois at Chicago Pharmacoinformatics may be defined as: “the scientific field that focuses on medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of healthcare systems.[4]” It is the application of computers to the storage, retrieval and analysis of drug and prescription information. Pharmacy informaticists work with pharmacy information management systems that help the pharmacist safe decisions about patient drug therapies with respect to, medical insurance records, drug interactions, as well as prescription and patient information.
Pharmacy informatics can be thought of as a sub-domain of the larger professional discipline of health informatics. Health informatics is the study of interactions between people, their work processes and engineered systems within health care with a focus on pharmaceutical care and improved patient safety. For example, the Health Information Management Systems Society (HIMSS) defines pharmacy informatics as, "the scientific field that focuses on medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of healthcare systems - including its acquisition, storage, analysis, use and dissemination - in the delivery of optimal medication-related patient care and health outcomes.